Basics

Time: Local time is GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September).
Electricity: Electrical current is 230 volts, 50Hz. A variety of plugs are in use including the European-style two-pin plug.
Money: The Euro (EUR) is the official currency, which is divided into 100 cents. Those arriving in Italy with foreign currency can obtain Euros through any bank, ATM or bureaux de change. ATMs are widespread. Travelers cheques can be exchanged with ease in the large cities, not so in the smaller towns. Credit cards are accepted in up market establishments and shops around the cities. Banks are closed on weekends, but tend to have better rates than casas de cambios.

 

Note: This is not updated daily and should be used as a guide only.

Language: Italian. English is understood in the larger cities but not in the more remote parts of the country.
Entry Requirements for Americans: United States citizens must have a valid passport. A visa is not required for stays of up to 90 days.
Passport/Visa Note: The borderless region known as the Schengen area includes the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden. All these countries issue a standard Schengen visa that allows the holder, in principal, to travel freely within the borders of all. Travelers are advised to have a return or onward ticket plus all documents required for their next destination, and sufficient funds to cover period of intended stay in Italy.
Health: There are no specific health risks associated with travel to Italy. EU citizens can make use of Italy's health services provided they have a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC). Cases of the N1 bird flu were found in swans in southern Italy and Sicily, but there is a low risk of human infection; as a precaution all close contact with wild, caged and domestic birds should be avoided, and poultry and egg dishes should be cooked thoroughly.
Tipping: Tipping is customary in Italy and 10% of the bill is acceptable in restaurants (unless a service charge has already been included). Hotels add a service charge of 15-18%, but it is customary to tip the service staff extra. Italians rarely tip taxi drivers, but 5-10% is usual. Most other services expect some small change.
Safety: The Italian Government has warned that the risk of an international terrorist attack in the country has increased, and tourists should be vigilant in public places and tourist sites. Domestic terrorism continues, but targets are usually Italian authorities, however there is a possibility of being caught up in attacks. Tourists are vulnerable to pick-pocketing and muggings in the bigger cities, particularly on public transport, in crowded areas and around tourist sites, and should exercise caution when carrying large amounts of cash and valuables. Be particularly careful on bus 64 to St Peter's Square and around the main train station, Termini. Visitors should be wary of groups of children, some of whom will distract attention while the others try to steal what they can. Strikes by transport workers take place regularly throughout Italy and delays are possible.
Business: Italians can be very formal and old fashioned, but are also warm and welcoming. Face to face communication is best, and often a third party introduction can speed initial negotiations. Business attire is formal and usually stylish, and handshakes are the norm. Expect plenty of gesticulating and interruptions, or people talking over each other. Business cards are used. Unfortunately the bureaucracy in Italy can slow down deal-making. Business hours are usually 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday, but can vary according to season and region.
Communications: The international access code for Italy is +39. The outgoing code is 00 followed by the relevant country code (e.g. 0044 for the United Kingdom). All numbers must be preceded by 0, whether originating in Italy or out, unless calling a mobile phone. City/area codes are in use, e.g. 02 for Milan and 06 for Rome. There can be high surcharges on calls made from hotels and it is generally cheaper to use a calling card. Public telephone boxes take phone cards for local and international calls, which can be bought from newsagents. The local mobile phone operators use GSM networks and have roaming agreements with most international operators. Internet cafes are available in the main towns and resorts.
Duty Free: Travelers over 17 years from non-EU countries do not have to pay duty on 200 cigarettes, or 100 cigarillos, or 50 cigars, or 250g tobacco; 1 liter spirits with alcohol content higher than 22%, or 2 liters dessert wine not exceeding 22% alcohol content and sparkling wine, and 2 liters of table wine; perfume up to 50g or 250ml eau de toilette, and other goods for personal consumption to the value of EUR175 per adult or EUR90 for children under 15 years. Prohibited items include narcotic drugs, medicinal products, arms and weapons, explosives and protected animal and plant species.
 

Rome

The eternal city of Rome, constructed of ruins and in whose name the Caesars sought to claim the world, opens for the visitor as a living museum. The centuries peel back with each new vista in this great city of gladiators, lunatic drivers and well-rounded pasta posteriors. Vespas, nippy little Fiats and red sports cars speed past trendy sidewalk bistros and nightclubs, revealing the Rome of Fellini's La Dolce Vita. The chillingly stark facades of the Stadio Olimpico complex bring back Mussolini's attempts to reinvent the architecture of the Caesars. For a taste of the Baroque, visitors need only climb the famous Spanish Steps, walk through the Piazza Navona or toss a coin into the beautiful Trevi Fountain. Renaissance splendor is perhaps best revealed in the Pope's residence, the Vatican Palace, or in Michelangelo's efforts on the roof of the Sistine Chapel. From early Christian Basilicas to the Roman Forum, the Colosseum and the Pantheon, the sequence of history trails back to the height of the Roman Empire. It may sound like a city of contrasts, but Rome's timeless magic lies in its ability to blend the old with the new. Empires have risen and fallen, old gods have been replaced with new ones, but Rome remains.

 

Capitoline Hill Capitoline Hill was the original capitol of the ancient city and continues to serve as the seat of the city's government. The main feature of the area is Michelangelo's Piazza del Campidoglio, a testimony to the superiority of Renaissance town planning. The piazza is bordered by three palaces: the Palazzo dei Conservatori and the twin structures of the Palazzo dei Senatori and Palazzo Nuovo which house the Musei Capitolini, containing the largest collection of classical statues in the world. Among the notable statues found here are the Dying Gaul and the Satyr, the Capitoline Wolf with Romulus and Remus and the Spinario. Paths cut along the side of the hill from the Campidoglio giving way to panoramic views of the ancient sites of the Forum and Colosseum. Opening Time: Museums open Tuesday to Sunday 9am to 8pm. Admission: EUR6.50, concessions available.

Roman Forum (Foro Romano) The site of ancient Rome's commercial, political and religious centre retires in the valley between the Capitoline and Palatine hills. The Forum's main thoroughfare, Via Sacra, slices through the old market square and former civic centre. To make sense of the ruins and relics of the old Republic it is helpful to consult a map of the area. Some of the best preserved and most notable monuments include the impressive Arch of Septimus Severus - a construction designed to celebrate Roman victory over the Parthinians - and the former atrium of the House of the Vestal Virgins and Temple of Vesta. Also of note are the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, and the Arch of Titus, built to celebrate Titus' destruction of Jerusalem in AD70. To the right of the arch are stairs snaking up the Palatine hill through a series of terraces to the Farnese gardens. The scented avenue festooned with roses and orange trees gives way to a vista over the Forum. Address: Via dei Fori Imperiali. Telephone: (06) 3996 7700. Opening Time: Daily 9am to 7.30pm (April to September) and 9am to 4.30pm (October to March). Admission: Free.

The Colosseum This enduring symbol of ancient Rome tenaciously clings to its foundations as the site of former gladiatorial conquests. Its architecture boasts an impressive array of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian columns and an underground network of cells, corridors, ramps and elevators that were used to transport animals from their cages to the arena. The magnificence of the original structure has been eroded through the years of pillaging and earthquakes so that only a skeletal framework remains. Opening Time: 8.30am to 7.30pm (April to August), 8.30am to 7pm (September), 8.30am to 6.30pm (October), 8.30am to 4.30pm (November to 15 February), 8.30am to 5pm (16 February to 15 March), 8.30am to 5.30pm (16 March to end March). Admission: EUR8.

Pantheon The stately Pantheon is one of the world's most inspiring architectural designs. Fittingly built as a temple to the Gods by Hadrian in 120AD, its perfectly proportioned floating dome rests seductively on sturdy marble columns. The only light source flowing through the central oculus was used by the Romans to measure time (with the aid of a sundial) and the dates of equinoxes and solstices. The south transept houses the Carafa Chapel and the tomb of Fra Angelico rests under the left side of the altar. Opening Time: Monday to Saturday between 8.30am and 7.30pm and Sunday from 9am to 6pm. Admission: Free.

The Spanish Steps and Piazza di Spagna The graceful steps built in 1725, elegantly curve their way from the Piazza di Spagna to the Church of Santa Trinit dei Monti, a pastel tinted neoclassical building. The shopper's paradise of Via Condotti leads back from the Spanish steps to Via del Corso, and during spring the steps are decorated with pink azaleas. At the foot of the steps lies Bernini's boat-shaped Barcaccia fountain and to the right is the unassuming Keats-Shelley Memorial House. Transport: Take Metro Linea A to the Spagna stop; bus 60 and 492 to Piazza Barberini or 117 to Piazza di Spagna.

Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi) The tiny Piazza di Trevi has been immortalized through this fountain built for Pope Clement XII. The statues adorning this watery display represent Abundance, Agrippa, Salubrity, the Virgin and Neptune guided by two tritons. Tossing a coin into the fountain is supposed to guarantee a return trip to Rome. Transport: Take the bus to Piazza San Silvestro.

St Peter's Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro) The Basilica lies above the reputed site of St. Peter's tomb. It is an overwhelming interior containing notable sculptures including Michelangelo's Pieta, which is protected by bullet-proof glass since the damaging attack on it in 1972. In the central aisle stands Arnolfo da Cambio's bronze statue of St Peter, its foot worn down by the constant flow of pilgrims' kisses. Proudly resting above the papal altar is Bernini's Throne of St Peter. The Vatican Grottoes, containing papal tombs, can be reached by steps from the statue of St Longinus. The Necropolis is located one level below the grottoes. This is the legendary site of St Peter's tomb and advance permission has to be obtained to view it. A strict dress code is in place for the Basilica and no shorts, bare shoulders or miniskirts are allowed (for men and women). Transport: Metro Ottaviano or bus to Piazza del Risorgimento. Opening Time: Daily between 7am and 7pm (April to September) and 7am to 6pm (October to March). Dome: 8am to 6pm (until 5pm in winter). Necropolis: Monday to Friday 9am to 5pm. Admission: Free. Dome: EUR4 (EUR5 with lift); Necropolis: EUR10.

The Sistine Chapel & Vatican Museums The Sistine Chapel's famous ceiling painted by Michelangelo looms above the frescoes on the side walls that were painted by an illustrious team of artists that included Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Roselli, Pinturicchio, Signorelli and della Gatta. The altar wall is covered by Michelangelo's Last Supper, revealing the figure of Christ hovering above centre and flanked by Mary and other saintly figures. The Vatican Museums provide an inspiring visit to one of the world's greatest collections of art. The galleries stretch over four miles (6km) and include the magnificent Raphael rooms, the Etruscan Museum and the Pio-Clementino Museum, which boasts the world's largest collection of Classical statues. Transport: Metro to Musei Vaticani or Ottaviano station; tram 19 or bus 32, 81 or 98 to Piazza del Risorgimento. Opening Time: Monday to Friday 8.45am to 4.45pm, Saturday 8.45am to 1.45pm (8 March to 29 October and 27 December to 6 January); daily 8.45am to 1.45pm, last entry at 12.20pm (7 January to 6 March and 2 November to 24 December). Admission: EUR12, concessions EUR8. Free on the last Sunday of every month.

Sardinia

D H Lawrence passed through Sardinia in 1921 remarking on its geographic location as a place 'lost between Europe and Africa and belonging nowhere'. It is off the beaten track, but therein perhaps lies its appeal. The island's beaches are some of the cleanest and least crowded in Italy. The capital is Cagliari, a good base from which to explore other parts of the island. The National Archaeological Museum of Cagliari contains prehistoric tombs and other significant artifacts from the Punic and Roman periods. The resort of Costa Smeralda is a place of luxury and opulence, not suited to budget tourists, although interesting as a short stop. The Spanish tinted port of Alghero is the favored package destination, especially among British holidaymakers. The inland town of Nuoro is a good station from which to explore the Gennargentu mountain range and enjoy the traditional village festivals. The Sardinian landscape is peppered with constructions from the ancient Nuragic civilization. These stone structures are unique to Sardinia and are must-see sites. They are however not easily accessible as they lie in isolated spots throughout the island.

 

Venice

Elegant Venetian buildings and palaces peer over the ancient maze of narrow streets and labyrinth of canals that contrive to make this a unique city. Tourists naturally flock to Venice to experience its inimitable charm. The downside of this can be felt in the narrow streets and cramped piazzas of its sought-after areas. A good way to get to know a more personal side of Venice is to saunter through its romantic back streets and residential quarters. Venice rests on one of a series of 117 islands distributed throughout the Venetian lagoon at the northern end of the Adriatic Sea. This strategic position conferred on Venice economic and defensive advantages over its trading rivals. As the wealth of the city increased and its population grew, the composition of the city grew ever more dense and today only a handful of the islets that constitute the historic centre are not entirely developed. The historic centre is divided into six quarters (sestieri). These are: San Marco, Dorsoduro, San Polo, Santa Croce, Cannaregio and Castello. The city's main thoroughfare is the Grand Canal that intersects each district as it meanders through the length of Venice from the railway station to San Marco. An alternative to walking the bewildering streets of Venice is to cruise the waterways onboard the motorboat buses known as vaporetti. These are the less romantic but also less expensive substitutes for the famous gondolas. Venice extends beyond its six sestieri to the islands of Murano, Burano and Torcello. These are known for glass and lace-making respectively and Torcello is noted for the magnificent Byzantine Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta that rests on its soil. Trips by boat to the islands provide a pleasant diversion from the busier historic quarters.

 

Carnival of Venice Originating in the 12th century, the Carnival of Venice is one of the world's most famous festivals and fills the whole city with musicians, acrobats, clowns, magicians, puppeteers, beautiful masks, elaborate costumes, and parades. People come from around the world to participate in masked balls and general festivities in the ancient Venetian tradition, and to enjoy theatrical and dance performances, exhibitions and concerts along the canals, squares and the magnificent palaces of the city. Carnival traditions are the same, but every year the theme is different. Venue: Centred on San Marco's Square. Date: 9-20 February 2007.

Festa del Redentore (Feast Day of the Redeemer) One of Venice's most important religious festivals, the Feast Day of The Redeemer (Il Redentore) is also one of the most traditional dating back to 1576 in commemoration of the end of the plague that wiped out a third of the city's population. The Church of the Redentore was built on the Giudecca Island and a promise was made by the Doge to lead a procession of thanksgiving every year to the church; the opening of the temporary bridge of gondolas roped together that stretches across the canal to the island is the traditional start of the festivities. At sunset the waterways are filled with hundreds of brightly lit and decorated boats, while the banks of the canal are lined with feasting and dancing. The highlight is the tremendous fireworks display accompanied by music, and considered by many to be one of the most spectacular in the world. Regattas, rowing competitions, and special services in the Redentore Church (reached via the boat bridge) also form part of the festivities. For more information phone +39 (0)4 1274 7736. Venue: Giudecca Canal and St. Mark's Basin. Date: 15 July 2007, TBC.

Historical Regatta Regattas have traditionally been held on the waterways of Venice since the 13th century, and are still held throughout the year today, the most important of which is the Historical Regatta, held on the first Sunday in September. This is a regatta of distinction, attracting huge crowds of merry spectators to cheer on the various rowing races. The gondola races are preceded by a magnificent historical procession of elaborately carved boats, manned by Venetians in splendid costumes, which recalls the famous 16th-century procession of the Queen of Cyprus come to deliver her kingdom into the hands of the Venetians. Venue: Grand Canal. Date: 2 September 2007, TBC. Time: 3pm.

Barcolana Barcolana is one of the largest sailing races in the world and draws thousands of fans to watch 2,000 boats (traditional and state-of-the-art) battle it out on the Mediterranean shores of beautiful Trieste. Venue: Trieste, 65 miles (100km) east of Venice. Date: 14 October 2007, TBC.

The Italian Job This charity driven event inspired by the popular film of the same name sees Mini Cooper fans from all across Europe driving around some of Italy's and Europe's scenic routes, popping in at various towns to experience the local hospitality. Each year the rally route varies and this year stops in Italy will include Stresa, Venice and Turin before heading to France and ending up with a dinner in Brighton. All of this to raise money for children in need. Those interested should visit the official website to find out more about participating. Date: 26 October to 3 November 2007.

The Grand Canal (Canalazzo) Venice's main waterway splits the city in half with sestieri in equal parts to the west and east of it. It is the hub around which much activity in Venice is concentrated and is encircled with elegant facades of the palazzi, which testify to the city's past opulence. The best way to explore the architectural splendor of these Renaissance buildings is on board a vaporetta. Pedestrian access across the canal is only provided along three bridges situated at the station, Rialto and Academia. Gondolas cross the canal at regular intervals and provide a romantic interlude to the sightseeing itinerary. The Grand Canal palaces and buildings to look out for include the Ca da Mosto, with its rounded arches in low relief. The 'House of Gold' (Ca d'Ora) is a beautiful Gothic building constructed between 1424 and 1430. Palazzo Corner-Spinelli and Palazzo Vendramin Calergi combine classical and Byzantine elements designed by Mauro Codussi. Architect Jacopo Sansovino was inspired by Codussi's style and infused this in his creation of the Palazzo Corner (Ca Granda). Another notable Palazzo is the Grimani di San Luca, designed by Michele Sanmicheli.

St Mark's Square St Mark's Square (Piazza San Marco) has always been the nucleus of Venice. The first citadel and church were erected on its stony foundations, the Palazzo Ducale and the Basilica di San Marco respectively. The Basilica di San Marco is a unique juxtaposition of Byzantine, western European and Islamic architectural styles. The Basilica's most precious relic is the Pala d'Or, a Venetian-Byzantine gold relief adorned with precious gems. Travelers and pigeons flock to the Piazza with equal zeal. It is the tourists however who pay dearly to eat or drink at the elegant cafes that spill onto the pavements. Designer shops line the streets that radiate from the square. There are worthwhile places of interest to explore beyond the square that include the Museo Correr, the Archaeological Museum and the Museo del Risorgimento, which are housed within the Procuratie Nuova. Attached to the Procuratie Vecchie is the triumphal Torre dell'Orologio. The adjoining archway guides one through to the Mercerie, Venice's main commercial street that stretches to the Rialto.

Rialto The Rialto has long been the commercial core of Venice and is famed as the place where the first bridge over the Grand Canal was built. The original wooden bridge collapsed under the strain of the crowds gathered here to admire a wedding procession. It was replaced by the sturdier single stone arch design of Antonio da Ponte, built in 1588. Today the area still resembles the bustling fruit and vegetable market of former times but is additionally swamped with tourists and the accoutrements geared towards them.

Basilica dei Frari This great Gothic Franciscan church was constructed in the 14th century and is primarily known as the burial place of Titian and the Venetian sculptor, Antonio Canova. Titian's tomb in the south aisle watches over large marble pyramid created for Canova. The interior of the church is adorned with the works of famous artists. These include Donatello's St John the Baptist, Giovanni Bellini's triptych of the Madonna and Saints, Titian's famous Assumption of the Virgin and his Madonna of Case Pesaro. Opening Time: Monday to Saturday 9am to 6pm, and Sunday 1pm to 6pm. Closed to visitors during services. Admission: EUR2.50.

Milan

Sophistication reaches new levels in Milan. The financial and commercial centre of Italy attracts fashion fundis, opera lovers, the young, the beautiful and the bold. Shopping, eating and clubbing is serious business here and it is no surprise that the city boasts the world's most beautiful shopping mall, the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Equally vying for admiration are the Milanese icons of La Scala Theatre (Teatro della Scala) and the Gothic Duomo, one of the world's largest churches. Milan's frenetic pace surges ahead in its drive towards progress, forsaking the lengthy siestas enjoyed in other parts of the country. The city's urban tentacles stretch for miles, although the significant historical attractions are contained between the two landmark sites - the Duomo and the Sforzesco Castle. These reside within the inner loop of the city's concentric design, which is split into four squares: Piazza Duomo, Piazza Cairoli, Piazza Cordusio and Piazza san Babila. The modern civic centre lies to the northwest, around Mussolini's colossal train station built in 1931. The area around here is dominated by a skyline of skyscrapers from which the sleek Pirelli Tower emerges. The Fiera district that stretches around Porta Genova station is the nub for trade and fashion fairs.

 

Milan Fashion Weeks Milan has a well-deserved reputation for being the haute couture fashion centre of Europe, and a stroll around the downtown 'fashion block' bounded by Via Monte Napoleone, Via Manzoni, Via della Spiga and Corso Venezia will have fashion fundis drooling over the collections of Italian and international designers concentrated here. The top designers' Autumn/Winter and Spring/Summer collections are showcased on the catwalk during Milan's famed Fashion Weeks, when the big names of fashion come to town. Celebrity spotting is a favourite occupation during the week, but the fashion shows themselves are reserved for invitation only. There are many peripheral events in which visitors can be involved during the week, when the entire city celebrates fashion in high style. Venue: Fiera Milano Exhibition Centre. Date: February/March and September/October.

Duomo (Cathedral) The looming Duomo, the world's largest Gothic cathedral, presides over the Piazza that bears its name. Its construction began in 1386 and continued sporadically until Napoleon ordered its completion in 1809. Its lengthy creation bestowed on it 3,400 statues, 135 spires and 96 gargoyles. It is best visited in full sunshine when the interior is illuminated by the colorful mosaic of its stained glass windows. The church is a five-aisled cruciform seating 40,000 worshippers. The 16th-century marble tomb of Giacomo de Medici lies in the south transept and lying buried at its heart is St Charles Borromeo, the cathedral's most important benefactor. Every year in May and September a nail from the cross of Christ is displayed to worshippers and is retrieved from its resting place by the bishop who is hoisted to the nivola to reach it. Across the piazza in the Palazzo Reale is the Museo del Duomo that displays the treasures from the cathedral. It also houses the Museo d'Arte Contomporanea, showcasing a collection of Italian Futurist art. Opening Time: Daily 7am to 7pm. The dome is open from 9am daily, closing between 5pm and 6.30pm depending on the season. Treasury: Monday to Friday 9.30am to 1pm and 2pm to 6pm (Saturday until 5pm), Sunday 1.30pm to 4pm. Admission: Free (Cathedral); EUR1 (Treasury); EUR6 (terrace by lifts); EUR4 (terrace by stairs); admission including the museum is EUR8.

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II This four-storey, glass-domed arcade is entered from the Piazza in front of the Cathedral and extends to the Piazza della Scala. It was originally built as a link to the opera house but has become a fashionable place to hang out, sip coffee or camparis, or take a stroll through its many exclusive shops. Milanese gather in this conservatory to escape the winter rains or to socialize after a busy working day. Address: Piazza del Duomo.

Theatre Museum at La Scala (Museo Teatrale alla Scala) This world famous opera house rests on the site of the Church of Santa Maria alla Scala, its namesake. The Museum provides a wealth of mementos from the opera house dedicated to the nation's beloved composers and performers. These include Rossini, Puccini and Toscanini. Two halls are devoted to Verdi alone and contain memorabilia such as the spinet on which he learnt to play, hand-written scores and the baton given to him after the momentous reception of Aida. Transport: Bus 61, tram 1 or 2, or subway to Duomo or Montenapoleone. Opening Time: Daily 9am to 12.30pm and 1.30pm to 5.30pm. Admission: EUR5, concessions available.

Santa Maria delle Grazie Located next to the church in the former monastery's refectory is Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting, The Last Supper (Cenacolo Vinciano). The fresco depicts the moment of Christ's revelation of the betrayal. Judas hovers to the right of the painting with his hand placed protectively on the bag of silver. Scaffolding covers the bottom of the painting (an ongoing restoration project), leaving the rest in full view. Controversy has erupted over the removal of layers of corrective over-painting completed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The painting has endured more than hot debate however as it escaped the bombing during WWII that destroyed the roof of the refectory. Transport: Tram 24, subway to Conciliazione or Cadorna. Opening Time: Tuesday to Sunday 8.15am to 7.30pm. Reservations are essential and visitors must arrive 15 minutes before allocated time of visit. Admission: EUR6.50, concessions available. Audioguide: EUR2.50 (per person).

Sicily

Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, may be just a short hop from the Italian mainland, across the narrow strait of Messina, but it is a world apart in atmosphere and attitude. Everything Italian seems a little more appetizing here, not only the food but the history and culture as well. For a long time Sicily was ignored as a holiday destination, largely because of the Mafia stranglehold and because of the poverty of the people. Today, however, the island is experiencing a tourism boom and a surge in development as the destructive influences of the Mafia wane. Visitors discover that the Sicilian people are gracious, noble and welcoming and that the island itself offers natural and historic attractions of great beauty and enormous interest. The main cities of Palermo and Catania feature some of the most exquisite architecture in the world, a legacy of the many great civilizations that have vied for control of this strategically situated island over the centuries, from the Greeks and Romans, Arabs and Normans to more recently the French, Spanish and Italians. There are massive Romanesque cathedrals, the best-preserved Greek temples in the world, Roman amphitheatres and magnificent Baroque palaces. The continuous blue skies and temperate climate, lush vegetation and rich marine life all add to the island's appeal. Nature has given Sicily Mount Etna, Europe's tallest active volcano, a dramatic coastline and a fertile soil that gives forth much of the bounty on which the island's unique and delicious cuisine is based.

 

Amalfi Coast

The rugged southern shore dividing the Bay of Naples from the Gulf of Salerno is a restful and picturesque area. Miniature towns shelter in precipitous coastal ravines and tranquil seas calmly lap the shores of quiet pebbled beaches. The Amalfi Coast is a great relaxation spot from which to enjoy coastal Italian culture. Stretching between the towns of Postiano and Vietri sul Mare, near Salerno, the area is renowned for its breathtaking scenery and towering mountain cliffs that plunge into the Mediterranean Sea. Precariously perched and threatening to tipple into the sea, the small town of Positano is a great attraction for tourists with its cluster of multi-colored houses and remarkable setting. A cliffside stairway provides the perfect vantage point from which to admire its glorious sea vistas. Four miles (6km) down the coast is the quaint town of Praiano framed by caves, castles and sharp cliffs. A stroll from here towards Amalfi will take one to a ramp leading to Marina di Praia, a 400-year-old fishing village nestled in the embrace of a tiny ravine. Another notable stop between Praiano and Amalfi is the Grotto dello Smeraldo. The busy seaside town of Amalfi basks in the glory of its longevity as the first Sea Republic of Italy and as the hometown of Flavio Gioja, the inventor of the compass. It is referred to as the 'pearl of the coast' and has a bit of everything for the weary traveler. A pebble's throw away from here is the quiet village of Atrani. Its tranquil beach rests languidly on the water's edge against a superb backdrop of mountains. Further down the coast is Minori, notable for its lemon exports and a gentle place with villas and beaches to explore. The quiet town of Ravello retains the charm prized by Bocaccio who dedicated part of his famous work, the Decameron, to the town. The coastal road that twists its way between the rocks affords glimpses of the small villages, bays and inlets, and a journey along this southern route will take travelers to towns of worldwide fame as well as to lesser known spots of equal enchanting beauty.

 

Vatican City

The Vatican City is a remarkable entity in that it is an independent state administered by the Roman Catholic Church and one of the world's richest countries. The population of this enclave doubles during the working week as the residents from Rome cross into the Vatican City to work within its boundaries. Scandal and intrigue has tarnished the papacy's image over the years, but this does not detract from the magnificence of the art collections housed within its buildings. The must-see sights of Vatican City include St Peter's Basilica, the Vatican museums, the Sistine Chapel and the Vatican Library. The Pilgrim Tourist Information Office is located at P San Pietro (Telephone: 69 88 44 66 or 69 88 48 66). The Vatican Gardens are open Monday to Saturday 8.30am to 7pm.

 

Pisa

Pisa is most famous for its leaning campanile, yet its other equally notable coups include its long maritime legacy dating to 1000 BC, its prized university and its status as the birthplace of the world's greatest physicist and astronomer, Galileo Galilei. The Pisans also created one of the most beautiful squares in the world in the Campo dei Miracoli (Field of Miracles). Its key component is the famous Leaning Tower, whose layers of heavy marble were constructed on a shifting subsoil foundation that has been the bane of Pisan engineers for more than 800 years. It seems that the tremulous soil underneath the Field of Miracles has exacted its price on the other buildings too, most notably San Michele dei Scalzi. Other attractions of interest in Pisa include the Museo delle Sinopie, a museum containing a display of sketches from the frescoed cycle that decorated the walls of the Campo Santo cemetery and the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo in which exhibits of arabesque panels and Corinthian capitals reveal the influences of Rome and Islam on Pisan architects. The Museo Nazionale di San Matteo displays a range of Florentine art from the 12th through to the 17th centuries.

 

Lucca

Lucca is a delightful city comprising a grid of Roman roads contained within mighty medieval ramparts. It is home to Puccini, chamber music, Romanesque churches, museums and monuments. Lucca's flat landscape and narrow winding lanes create the perfect conditions for commuting by bicycle as many locals do. The Piazza del Mercato supports what survives of the ancient Roman amphitheatre. Medieval houses frame the square and low archways provide the gateways through which Roman gladiators would have emerged. Some of the city's essential sights include the Duomo, San Michele, San Frediano, Museo Nazionale Guinigi and Torre Guinigi. Casa di Pucini makes an interesting visit for opera lovers, as this 15th century house is a shrine to one of Italy's greatest composers.

 

Siena

The red-brown stone of this medieval city throngs around Italy's finest old square, the Piazza del Campo. As old as the square itself are the traditions reverberating off its pavements twice yearly during the Palio delle Contrade. It is Italy's most colorful festival with rehearsals, processions and pageantry leading up to the climactic bare-back horse race around the Piazza. It is taken very seriously as it provides an outlet to the fierce rivalries that have raged for centuries among the town's 17 medieval districts. All of Siena's streets are a delight to explore but some of its notable landmarks include the Torre de Mangia, Palazzo Pubblico, the Duomo, Palazzo Piccolomini, Pinacoteca Nazionale and Museo dell'Opera. Torre del Mangia is the bell tower to the left of Palazzo Pubblico which stands at 330ft (102m), the second highest in Italy. It is named after the first bell ringer who was known for his infuriating idleness. The Palazzo Pubblico still serves as Siena's town hall although sections of it are open to the public. The Palazzo Piccolomini, built in 1460 for the prosperous Piccolomini family, contains Sienese state archives and financial records. The Pinacoteca Nazionale gallery is noted for its collection of works by artists of the Siena School. Siena's spectacular Duomo is unsurpassed amongst Italy's churches, built in full Gothic style. The carved pulpit panels by Nicola Pisano are magnificent depictions from The Life of Christ. Many of the original statues on the church's façade are copies; the originals are in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo.

 

Lake Maggiore

Lake Maggiore casts a refined glow from its shores, as it is the preferred holiday destination of the elite. The resort town of Stresa is a haven for Italians, French and Germans who flock to its cobbled streets and enjoy the spectacular mountain and lake views from its quarters. Just a heartbeat away lies further splendor in the form of the Borromean Isles. Daily excursion tickets enable adventurous travelers to hop between the islands at their leisure. Of these isles, the Isola Bella is the most visited. Its claim to fame is the magnificent Baroque palace, the Palazzo e Giardini Borromeo, replete with priceless masterpieces, tapestries, furniture and paintings. The terraced gardens reach their dramatic apex with the unicorn, the Borromeo family emblem. On Isola Madre is the Borromeo bambini doll collection as well as a number of portraits of the family. A magnificent botanical garden flows from the house with plentiful exotic trees, plants and flowers.

 

Alghero

The flourishing fishing port of Alghero, situated on the northwest coast, is Sardinia's tourist centre. It consists of a picturesque and well-preserved old town enclosed in a stout girdle of walls, outside of which the new town sports a grid of parallel streets filled with hotels and restaurants. A favored package tour destination, Alghero offers beautiful beaches and year-round holiday amenities together with numerous places of interest to visit. The town is very Spanish in flavor having been invaded by Pedro IV of Aragon in 1354. The narrow cobbled streets of the old town are lined with flamboyant churches and wrought-iron balconies, boutiques and cafes, as well as the workshops of craftsmen working the famed coral of Alghero. The local cuisine hints of Spain too, and the town is renowned for its excellent seafood. Authentic Spanish paellas, lobster alla Catalana and tasty fish soups abound, with delicious sea urchins on sale from stallholders in the port. Around the town the coast offers many secluded bays, small inlets bordered by pine forests and high, jagged cliffs washed by the emerald green sea. Inland luxuriant vineyards produce some of the most aromatic wines on the island. Nightlife is sedate, tending more to sipping cocktails on a sidewalk café and watching the sunset from the seafront than frenetic nightclubbing.

 

Cagliari

Cagliari is Sardinia's capital and biggest town, with a busy industrial port. Despite its size the old centre is charmingly compact, contained within the city walls and Pisan fortifications. The main attractions are the National Archaeological Museum, which contains prehistoric tombs and other significant artifacts from the Punic and Roman periods, the impressive cathedral, and a smattering of Roman ruins. The suburb of Poetto has a four-mile (6km) stretch of sandy beach with some small bars nearby. The famous nuraghe of Su Nuraxi near Barumini are within easy reach of the town.

 

Syracuse

Visitors to Syracuse may be forgiven for wondering whether they are in Italy or Greece. This city on the southeastern corner of Sicily's Ionian coastline once rivaled Athens as the most important city in the ancient Greek world. Its Greek heritage can still be found in abundance in both the ruins of buildings older and more splendid than the Parthenon and in the myths and legends centered particularly on its oldest quarter, the island of Ortygia. Archimedes once strode the streets here and today tourists who stroll around the Neapolis Archaeological Park on the Terminite Hill can still get a feel for Syracuse's golden age of power and prosperity. As well as the Hellenic relics, Syracuse also boasts more than its fair share of Roman ruins and some fine medieval Gothic architecture and art, all treasures to be singled out from among the uninspiring high-rises and motorways that make up the modern city. Parking is a problem in the city, particularly on Ortygia where most of the medieval sights and the best shops are located, and the heat can become unbearable in the height of summer; however no visit to Sicily is complete without exploring the antiquities of Syracuse. Most visitors prefer to make day trips to the city from the more comfortable surrounding resort areas, where soft white beaches and fine wines can be enjoyed on the shores of the Ionian Sea.

 

Taormina

Sicily's most famous resort town, Taormina, was the 19th-century haunt of British aristocracy and the place chosen by D H Lawrence to write his erotic novel, Lady Chatterley's Lover. The town boasts what is surely the most photographed view in Sicily, across the beautiful ancient Greek amphitheatre to the sea with Mount Etna in the background. Taormina today remains Sicily's favorite tourist haunt with its winding medieval streets and tiny passages hiding some great restaurants, cafes and ice-cream parlors, some hidden in secluded gardens and others in pleasant squares or terraces with sea views. It is a great place to shop, too, with thousands of boutiques selling crafts, fashion, jewelery, ceramics, mosaics and porcelain dolls. A popular beach is at Giardini-Naxos, a few miles away, and a funicular connects the old town to the coastal area of Mazzaro below. The stone walls of the old city, sited on a plateau, enclose some fascinating archaeological monuments and medieval palaces including the Palazzo Santo Stefano.

 

Cortina d'Ampezzo

Regarded by many as one the most beautiful resorts in the world, Cortina d'Ampezzo, or Cortina as it is often simply called, overlooks the spectacular Dolomites region of the Italian Alps. Located in northeastern Italy, the resort is popular with international celebrities, the in-crowd from Milan and Rome (many of whom own private chalets), as well as those who can afford it from elsewhere in Europe and North America.

 

Airports

Bologna G Marconi Airport (BLQ)

Location: The airport is located four miles (6km) northeast of the city centre. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: Information desk: +39 051 647 9615. Transfer between terminals: The terminals are within easy walking distance of each other. Transfer to the city: The Aerobus service (fare EUR4.50) connects to Bologna's central railway station, which is a few miles from the airport. From the station local buses, trains and taxis are available. There are also bus connections available from the airport to Modena and Siena. Taxis are also available at the airport for transport to the city centre. Car rental: Car hire companies include Avis, Europcar, Sixt, Autovia, Hertz and Thrifty. Facilities: Facilities at the airport include bars, restaurants and shops (including duty-free), left-luggage facilities, Internet access and VIP lounges. There are also banks, ATMs and bureaux de change. Disabled facilities are good and wheelchairs can be arranged through the airlines. Parking: Short- and long-term parking is available. Departure tax: None. Website: www.bologna-airport.it

Milan Linate International Airport (LIN)

Location: The airport is situated four miles (7km) from downtown Milan. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: Tel: +39 02 7485 2200. Transfer to the city: Buses leave regularly for the Central Station in Milan and the Piazza San Babila underground station; the journey takes 30 minutes and costs EUR2. Taxi services are also available; the journey to the centre of Milan costs around EUR15. Car rental: Cars can be hired from Avis, Europcar, Hertz, Thrifty and other local representatives. Facilities: Facilities at the airport include banks and bureaux de change, ATMs, a post office, wireless Internet, and a variety of cafes and restaurants. In addition, as one would expect in Milan, the shopping is excellent. Parking: Short- and long-term, as well as valet parking, is available. Departure tax: None. Website: www.sea-aeroportimilano.it

Milan Malpensa Intercontinental Airport (MXP)

Location: The airport is located 28 miles (45km) northwest of Milan. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 from the last Sunday in March to the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: Tel: +39 02 7485 2200. Transfer between terminals: The two terminals are connected by a free shuttle bus. Transfer to the city: Buses leave every 60 minutes to Porta Garibaldi Station and Stazione Centrale (the central rail station); the journey takes around an hour, and costs around EUR5. Trains run every 30 minutes from Terminal 1 to Milano Cardona Station; a ticket costs EUR9, and the journey takes 50 minutes. Taxis are also available outside Arrivals and cost about EUR70 to central Milan. Car rental: Car hire companies include Europcar, Hertz, Maggiore-National, Avis and Sixt. Facilities: Facilities include a bank, bureau de change, and a wide variety of snack bars and other eateries throughout the airport. In addition, as one would expect in Milan, the shopping is excellent. Other facilities include airline lounges/travel clubs, wireless Internet, left luggage, business services, disabled and first aid facilities, a pharmacy, child facilities, a post office and a tourist information desk. Parking: Short- and long-term parking, as well as valet parking, is available. Departure tax: None. Website: www.sea-aeroportimilano.it

Naples International Airport (NAP)

Location: The airport is located five miles (8km) north of the city centre. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: Flight enquiries: +39 081 789 6259. Transfer between terminals: The terminals are within walking distance of each other. Transfer to the city: Buses leave regularly for Napoli Centrale railway station and the city centre. Taxis are also available. Car rental: The following car hire companies are represented in Arrivals: Avis, Europcar, Hertz, Maggiore, Sixt, Thrifty and several local companies. Facilities: There are ATMs and exchange bureaux in both Arrivals and Departures. Other facilities include VIP lounges, restaurants, bars and cafes, shops, meeting facilities, hotel reservations, fax and telephones. Parking: Short- and long-term parking is available. Departure tax: None. Website: www.naples-airport.com

Pisa International Airport Galileo Galilei (PSA)

Location: The airport is located one mile (2km) northeast of Pisa. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: Switchboard: +39 050 849 111. Flight Information: 050 500707. Transfer to the city: A bus service travels regularly to Pisa city centre, and trains go to Pisa Centrale station, from where connections can be made to other cities. Taxis are also available, the average fare within Pisa ranges from EUR4 to EUR8. Drivers are required to switch on meters before each journey. Car rental: Car hire companies include Avis, Sixt, Europcar and Hertz and Thrifty. Facilities: Facilities include left luggage, business services, disabled and First Aid facilities, banks, a bureau de change and ATMs, bars, duty-free shops, a post office, restaurants and tourist information. Parking: Short- and long-term parking is available. Departure tax: None. Website: www.pisa-airport.com

Rome Leonardo da Vinci (Fiumicino) Airport (FCO)

Location: The airport is 19 miles (30km) southwest of central Rome. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: Telephone: +39 06 65 951. Transfer between terminals: A free shuttle service connects the long-term car park and all three terminals. Transfer to the city: An express train departs every hour for Termini Station in the centre of Rome; the trip takes 30 minutes and the fare is around EUR10. There is a late night bus service to Tiburtina Station. As of 1 October 2006, a fixed rate of EUR40 will be charged for taxis. This includes luggage and is for a maximum of 4 people, to all destinations within central Rome. Before you leave, make sure the taxi meter is running and only use authorized taxis (white cars with meters). The journey will take 40 to 60 minutes to central Rome. Car rental: Car hire companies include Avis, Budget, Europcar and Sixt. Facilities: Facilities include lounges/travel clubs, left luggage, business services, disabled and First Aid facilities, banks, bureaux de change, ATMs, bars, duty-free shops, restaurants and tourist information. Parking: Short- and long-term parking is available. Departure tax: None. Website: www.adr.it

Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE)

Location: The airport is located 10 miles (16km) northeast of Venice. Time: GMT +1 (GMT +2 between the last Sunday in March and the Saturday before the last Sunday in September). Contacts: General information: +39 (0)41 260 6111 Transfer between terminals: A free shuttle service connects the two terminals. Transfer to the city: A water boat service and water taxis run from the airport to Venice. Taxis are also available. A bus service runs every 20 minut